Using others writing as one’s own writing without referring to the source is considered as plagiarism. On the other hand, compilation of the findings of the others in one’s own language with due acknowledgement of the sources is called reference.
Plagiarism can be four types:
i. Self-plagiarism- Copying one’s own work
ii. Direct Plagiarism- Directly using others work, without references
iii. Mosaic Plagiarism- Paraphrasing others work without due referencing (even if unintentional)
iv. Accidental Plagiarism- Misquoting the contents even with references
Yes, any reproduction of the work without the permission of the copyright holder during the copyright validity period (i.e., 60 years from the death of the author). However, for educational purposes and for internal usage (non-commercial), one is permitted to copy a portion of the contents (usually not more than 1,000 words or 10 percent of the work, whichever is less) without violating copyright.
NO. Hence it is better for patent first before publishing or public disclosure. However, as per Indian Patent Act 1970, (Chapter-VI, Section 29-34) publication in a journal or its public display in an exhibition organized by the Government or disclosure before any learned society or published by applicant, can be filed for patent within a maximum grace period of 12 months from the date of its publication/disclosure.
4. What are cloned or fake journals? How can we identify them?
Clone journal web pages are a counterfeit mirror of an authentic journal that exploit the title and ISSN of legitimate journals. A predatory journal’s website or e-mails often present contradictory statements, fake impact factors, incorrect addresses, misrepresentations of the editorial board, false claims of indexing or membership of associations and misleading claims about the rigor of peer review
Useful links to identify cloned/fake journals
i) https://ugccare.unipune.ac.in/Apps1/User/Web/CloneJournalsNew
ii) https://beallslist.net/hijacked-journals/
iii) https://ugccare.unipune.ac.in/Apps1/User/Web/CloneJournalsGroupIINew
5. What is impact factor? How is it calculated?
The impact factor (IF) is a measure of the frequency with which the average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year. It is used to measure the importance or rank of a journal by calculating the times its articles are cited